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Table of Contents
- What Are Health Disparities?
- What Is Race?
- What Is Privilege?
- What Is Intersectionality?
- Let's Get Intersectional! Taking Action, Making Change
Race matters when it comes to HIV – and not just for women of color.
The root of why these differences in HIV rates by race exist is often misrepresented, frequently steeped in bias and myths, rarely well explained, and even less often addressed.
The "female face of HIV" is, overwhelmingly, the face of a Black or Brown woman. This is the case worldwide, where roughly half of all people living with HIV are women. The vast majority of these women live in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where the percentage of women living with HIV is rising. Further, transgender women around the globe are much more likely to be living with HIV than the general adult population.
In the US (where this fact sheet will mainly focus), almost one in five new HIV diagnoses in 2022 were in women. Most of these women are African-American or Latina, even though Black and Brown women account for less than a third of the US female population (for more information, see our fact sheet on Women and HIV.)
Though not often talked about, US indigenous (American Indian/Alaskan Native) communities experience high rates of HIV. And while Asian/Pacific Islander communities may not be as heavily impacted by HIV, cultural factors may leave women in these communities vulnerable to acquiring HIV - or make it harder for them to connect to HIV care. For more information on these factors, see our fact sheet on HIV among US women of different races or ethnicities.
While the number of women being diagnosed with HIV each year in the US overall has declined since 2010 and has also dropped among Black and Latina women, the numbers are still highest among women of color. Differences in HIV rates by race get talked about a lot in the HIV community. HIV is not the only health condition that affects different races unequally due to social factors. Such differences have also been seen with diabetes and heart disease. However, the root of why these differences exist is often misrepresented, frequently steeped in bias and myths, rarely well explained, and even less often addressed.
Click above to view or download this fact sheet as a PDF slide presentation
What Are Health Disparities?
Global HIV activist and medical anthropologist Paul Farmer has called HIV-related health disparities "the biological expression of social inequalities" (unequal or unjust social conditions).
A health disparity (a difference in health that is linked to unequal or unjust social conditions) can be a higher rate of a disease among certain groups than others – even, in some cases, despite ongoing prevention efforts. These disparities may exist according to gender, race, education or income level, disability, sexual orientation, region, and more.
Social determinants of health (the social realities that have an impact on a person's physical health), such as poverty, lack of education, and racism, are linked to health disparities.
What Is Race?
We usually think of a person's "race" as being tied to the color of their skin, the shape of their eyes, or other physical traits, as well as the part of the world from which their ancestors came. But those factors don't explain why people in the same country, or even the same city, can have such different levels of health based on their race. Human beings just aren't that physically different from one another.
Race is a social category, not a biological one. It is a way of explaining differences in the way people live in society, including how healthy they are, based on differences in how they look. These differences, in turn, often determine how they are treated, which determines the social conditions under which they live. In reality, it is these social conditions that affect people’s health, not how they look.
Race is a powerful idea that has been used to separate people and make opportunities available to some people, while keeping the same opportunities out of reach for others. Usually, this process of racial separation has occurred over many generations and become deeply embedded in the structure of society.
Many key reasons why a person of a certain race may be more likely to acquire HIV have less to do with their body being different from someone else's than with the factors that structure how they live.
Racism is the system in which people are valued differently because of their race. This system:
- Unfairly disadvantages some individuals and communities
- Provides unearned advantage to other individuals and communities
- Damages the entire society, because human resources get wasted when all people are not treated as valuable and supported in fully contributing to society
For example: Many key reasons why a person of a certain race may be more likely to acquire HIV have less to do with their body being different from someone else's than with the factors that structure how they live – factors that also structure how people in their social group live and may have lived over multiple generations of unequal treatment.
Aryah Lester, a blogger with A Girl Like Me, writes about living "in the basement: the lowest floor of the social systems we have here in America" as a woman who has experienced being devalued by racism, sexism, classism, as well as transphobia, and recognized these inequalities since childhood. [Trigger warning: The blog entry linked above contains descriptions of sexual violence and discrimination.]
"I … first learn[ed] about the perceived differences in skin color, notwithstanding our commonality or upbringing," Aryah writes. "I empathized with my father when he was refused well-deserved promotions because he was of color."
Aryah goes on to describe seeing how women are deemed less valuable than men in our society, and often experience outright violence as a result: "Women all around me were delegated to the floor below in their homes, at their jobs, and in the public. Women in our history books were often just sidekicks of 'greater' heroes, who all happened to be male."
When she began transitioning from male to female in her late teens, she says, "the basement door became sealed. I found myself pounding on the door for employment, searching for the keys to a healthy relationship, and trying to break the windows of public opposition."
When Aryah became the victim of a terrible act of violence, she didn't scream, or tell anyone – because of her fragile economic state, and the fact that people who look like her are often not valued or believed: "I could only think of my stay in the basement. … 'I might be kicked out, not being on the lease.' 'Who's going to believe me?' 'Just take it, you've been raped plenty of times before.'" She tested HIV positive a few months later.
Racism and other forms of inequity have been proven to cause stress on people’s minds and bodies, and stress has a negative effect on health. Racism has even been shown to be a form of trauma. Women living with HIV experience trauma at much higher rates than the general population of women, both before and after their diagnosis. Trauma also has a negative impact on health. For more information about this connection, read our fact sheet on Trauma and HIV.
Racism is not just a way to describe how individual people see or treat one another. A white person may have many friends of different races and have never harmed another person on purpose because of their race. However, that person still benefits from a system that has, for many generations and in many ways, put a higher value on the lives of white people than people of color.
Being antiracist (against racism) does not just mean that white people must treat individual people of color with respect. Being antiracist means disagreeing with the ways systems in our society have shut out or been biased against people of other races for many generations. It also means recognizing more broadly the ways one may benefit from systems that are biased against others (privilege).
What Is Privilege?
"I am a white woman, I have privilege. I recognize that we don't have to have a hashtag for white lives. ... Racism towards white people is up for discussion and it pains me!
"The statistics of HIV speak volumes don't they? Maybe I need to shout it louder, as my white voice is more listened to!" – MelPainter2014, "#BlackLivesMatter," on A Girl Like Me
Privilege is a set of unearned, and often invisible, benefits experienced by people who, based on aspects of their identity, fit into social groups that have power: white race, middle or upper class, male, heterosexual, documented citizen, native English speaker (in the US), to name a few.
Some examples of privilege include, but are not limited to, being able to:
- assume that most of the people you or your children study in history classes and textbooks will be of the same race, gender, or sexual orientation as you
- assume that your failures will not be thought of as being due to your race or gender
- not think about your race, class, gender, sexual orientation, disabilities, etc., on a daily basis.
A few things to remember about privilege (adapted from Everyday Feminism's Privilege 101: A Quick and Dirty Guide):
- It's often easier to notice oppression than privilege.
It's definitely easier to notice the oppression (system of unjust treatment) you personally experience than the privileges you experience, since being mistreated tends to leave a deeper impression than being treated fairly. - Privilege doesn't mean you didn't work hard.
Many people feel personally attacked when someone points out their privilege, as if that person is saying they haven't worked hard or experienced challenges or trauma. Having privilege doesn't mean a person's life is easy, but rather that it's easier than others' in certain ways. - Privilege describes the kind of treatment everyone ought to experience.
Often, when someone points out some way another person has privilege, that person protests that they haven't gotten any "special advantages" – that what they are getting is basic fair treatment. The problem is that others who don't have privilege are getting less than that, not that that person is getting more than they deserve. - We need to understand privilege in the context of power systems, not individual experiences.
People tend to look at privilege individually instead of as a system. President Obama's election as the first president of African descent was an inspiring, historic event. It did not signal an end to racism. Black people are still impacted unfairly by poverty, police violence, and poor health outcomes, even though Mr. Obama was president. Privilege is part of systems and social patterns. The few notable exceptions to the rule of privilege do not make privilege go away. - Privileges and oppressions affect each other, but they don't cancel each other out.
Often, people believe that they can't experience privilege because they also experience oppression. A common example is the idea that poor white people don't experience white privilege because they are poor. Poverty is a system of oppression, but this doesn't cancel out the fact that they can still benefit from being white.
"I can completely understand why broke white folks get pissed when the word 'privilege' is thrown around," writes author and advocate Gina Crosley-Corcoran in a great article called "Explaining White Privilege to a Broke White Person." "I was constantly discriminated against because of my poverty and those wounds still run very deep ... [But] the concept of intersectionality recognizes that people can be privileged in some ways and definitely not in others."
What Is Intersectionality?
Intersectionality is the idea that many parts of a person's identity impact their life at the same time. Some of those aspects give them privilege, and some lead them to experience oppression. The parts of a person's identity cannot be separated. For example: All women experience sexism. But the sexism that Black women and white women experience will be different, because Black women experience sexism that is also affected by racism.
If we think about a woman living with HIV as "just" a woman and not as a Black woman, or a mother, or a woman of trans experience, or a woman with past experience of trauma, or a woman living in a rural area, or any other aspect of her identity that impacts the way she lives in society, then many key ways in which to connect with that woman and advocate for her needs and rights will get missed.
In order to provide each woman with the best possible care, services, and support, it is important for our care providers, government, and other connected systems not to treat HIV just by itself. They must recognize and address the intersectional issues that impact women's ability to access great HIV care, heal from past traumas, and have the best possible quality of life with HIV.
On World AIDS Day 2014, our partners at Positive Women's Network-USA teamed up with a diverse group of advocates to write a statement calling for more intersectional approaches in HIV work. "The differences in our experiences – the learning edges of power and oppression, privilege and vulnerability—" said the report, "can, for our extraordinarily diverse HIV community, be sources of strength themselves."
Let's Get Intersectional! Taking Action, Making Change
Now that we've outlined some important issues, where do we go from here?
The voices of women living with and affected by HIV have long been underrepresented and unheard at decision-making tables. But there is a history to build from in challenging privilege in the HIV community.
A huge first step is to understand some of the different intersectional experiences women living with HIV may face, so that we can better work together to advocate for one another and ourselves. How do we do that?
- Recognize privilege and use it for change: Remember: Pointing out that privilege exists is not meant to make those who experience privilege feel guilty. Being born with and having privilege is not usually something a person chooses, but using privilege to challenge oppressive systems is a choice. Silence about these systems by those who benefit from them is what keeps them going. Calling out where systems are biased is what challenges them.
- United we stand: The voices of women living with and affected by HIV have long been underrepresented and unheard at decision-making tables. But there is a history to build from in challenging privilege in the HIV community. Most notably, people living with HIV have questioned the privilege of doctors and researchers to hold all the knowledge about HIV. We know that people living with HIV have the most information and expertise about living with HIV. Doctors, researchers, lawmakers, and others must work together with people living with HIV to learn what they need to live and thrive. Therefore, people living with HIV must be in positions to shape decisions that impact their lives. This is a principle that all people living with HIV can get behind.
- Put those most impacted front and center: Likewise, both outside and within our HIV community, people most impacted by racism, patriarchy, class oppression, disability rights violations, homophobia, and other intersecting systems of oppression have the most information about what it is like to live under these systems and what is needed to start to take them apart. They must be in positions to shape the decisions that impact their lives as people of color, low-income people, etc. A gigantic step in challenging privilege is to listen to those who are most impacted by that issue – and then act on what you have heard. Advocates living with HIV can understand this, because it is exactly what so many of them have demanded from their HIV-negative allies since the beginning of the epidemic.
- Join a community: A Girl Like Me is a diverse online community where women living with HIV from a wide range of experiences share their perspectives and truths. Join us! Learn more about The Well Project and A Girl Like Me. Many other extremely valuable communities of support exist for women -- some online, some within your own local area. The Well Project highlights several impactful organizations in our Partners section.
- Take action: In the US and around the globe, there are many fantastic advocacy organizations fighting for the rights of people living with HIV at the intersections of gender, race, national origin, income, and more. Below are some examples.
As Positive Women's Network-USA leaders Vanessa Johnson and Waheedah Shabazz-El put it in a statement on National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day 2016: "The HIV epidemic in this country will end when America commits to the underlying conditions which enable HIV to thrive, such as racism and poverty."